Recent developments in the Middle East have attracted global attention, creating dynamics that influence regional politics, economics and security. In recent years, several countries have faced various challenges, and new alliances have been formed. One of the main issues is the normalization of relations between Arab countries and Israel. The Abraham Accords, which began in 2020, have paved the way for countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain to establish diplomatic ties. This marked a significant shift in regional geopolitics, prompting discussions regarding peace and stability. On the other hand, tensions between Iran and Western countries continue. Iran’s nuclear program remains a major focus of the conflict, with negotiations frequently stalled. When the United States withdrew from the 2015 Nuclear Deal, economic sanctions put pressure on Iran’s economy and caused high inflation. These tensions could have repercussions for regional security, especially in relation to pro-Iran armed groups in Iraq and Syria. The prolonged conflict in Yemen is also in the spotlight. The civil war that has been ongoing since 2014, in which Saudi Arabia supports the internationally recognized government against Houthi rebels, has resulted in a deep humanitarian crisis. Increasing attacks on infrastructure, including oil facilities, add to instability in the region. Kazakhstan and other regional countries are starting to see new influences from outside their region, such as China and Russia, who are trying to strengthen their economic and political influence. China’s “Belt and Road,” for example, has the potential to bring huge investment but could also increase economic dependency for countries in the region. On the economic side, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are seeking to diversify their economies. The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, with initiatives such as Vision 2030, are seeking to reduce dependence on oil, by developing technology, tourism and renewable energy sectors. This transformation is not only strategic but also necessary to face the challenges of climate change. In the social sphere, reform movements began to emerge, with the push for women’s rights and civil liberties gaining strength. In Saudi Arabia, women are now allowed to drive and engage in jobs that were previously considered taboo. Social media also plays an important role as a tool for mobilizing public opinion and disseminating information. With increasing internet access, digital activism is becoming more widespread, although governments in some countries tend to restrict freedom of speech. Lastly, climate change is affecting the region in unpredictable ways. Droughts, sandstorms and extreme temperatures pose threats to food security. Countries are working to implement adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of climate change, creating new collaborations among countries with a shared vision. These dynamics are a complex picture of an ever-evolving Middle East, with various elements interacting and shaping the region’s future.
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